In the past few years, a wide variety of antimicrobial agents have been investigated as potential sources of drug-resistance. The use of these agents, including ciprofloxacin, has led to increased rates of resistance to these agents, which may contribute to the emergence of new drug-resistant pathogens. In this study, we sought to investigate the impact of increasing the use of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are commonly caused by susceptible bacteria. A retrospective chart review was performed to investigate the use of ciprofloxacin, and the incidence of UTI among patients in the outpatient setting in Korea between 2008 and 2018. A total of 1,879 cases of UTI were identified. The median age of the patients was 47.7 years (range: 13 to 78 years). Of the patients, 2,731 (42.1%) were females, with a median follow-up of 6.7 months. One hundred twenty-nine (4.2%) cases of UTI occurred during the first year, with an overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance increasing from 2.0% to 5.3%. The incidence of UTI among patients in the outpatient setting increased from 2.8% to 6.3% among patients in the outpatient clinic. These results suggest that the use of ciprofloxacin as a treatment option for UTI can significantly increase the incidence of UTI and its associated adverse effects in patients.
Citation:Gangnam, D., Kim, J. K., Lee, K. M., Kim, D. H., and Kim, J. (2018) Ciprofloxacin and the incidence of UTI among patients in the outpatient setting: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 11(2): e018886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018886
Editor:Gissel O. Tompkins, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Received:January 31, 2018;Accepted:April 30, 2018;Published:May 29, 2018
Copyright:© 2018 Gangnam, D. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding:This work was supported by grants from the Research Council of the Korea Health R& D Association, Grant no. H1-866-1515 (Joonin), and H1-866-1516 (Joonin). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The use of antimicrobial agents has become a growing field in recent years, particularly among patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to potential drug-resistance. However, the high incidence of resistance to these agents is still a concern, and it is believed that increasing the use of antimicrobials has led to a decrease in the use of these agents. The rising number of infections and the need to treat them effectively have contributed to the emergence of new drug-resistant pathogens. In the United States, over 80 million new infections are diagnosed annually and over 3 million new infections occur annually. This has been a concern for public health officials as well as healthcare professionals, and the increase in the number of new infections in the past five years has increased the public's awareness of these infections. In contrast, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been reported in many countries worldwide, and the increasing number of new infections is a major public health concern. The increasing prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agents has resulted in a reduction in the use of antimicrobial agents, which is a public health concern.
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern that is associated with the emergence of new drug-resistant pathogens. A study by Yang et al. found that the rate of emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in 2015 was 35.5%, and in 2016, the rate of emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens was 31.2%. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of increasing the use of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Korean patients.
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is the brand name for the antibiotic ciprofloxacin.Ciprofloxacin tablets are available in 250mg and 500mg formulations. The 250mg tablets may be used in pediatric patients to treat bacterial infections in the lower abdomen, skin, bone, lung, or abdomen. The 500mg tablets may be used for bacterial infections in the upper and lower digestive tract.
Ciprofloxacin is a potent antibiotic that can be used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. It is an antibiotic that can be used to treat bacterial infections in the lower abdomen, skin, bone, lung, and stomach. Ciprofloxacin tablets are effective in treating infections that are caused by susceptible strains of bacteria.Ciprofloxacin Tablets are available in tablet forms of 250mg and 500mg.The 250mg and 500mg tablets should be swallowed whole with plenty of water. The 500mg tablets should be taken with food.
Ciprofloxacin tablets are also effective against some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Ciprofloxacin is a prescription medicine and should only be used to treat bacterial infections.Ciprofloxacin Tablets are available in 2.5mg and 5mg forms, each with a lower dose strength.The 5mg dose is for adults and should be taken one tablet twice daily.Ciprofloxacin Tablets are also effective in children under 2 years of age.The 250mg or 500mg tablet should be swallowed whole with plenty of water.
Ciprofloxacin is a Generic Ciprofloxacin tabletand is a brand name for the generic ciprofloxacin. This is one of the most popular drugs from the brand name.
This is one of the most popular and well known drugs from the brand name. This is one of the most popular and well known drugs in the market.
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.It is a generic drug, and it has a similar composition.Ciprofloxacin tablets are available in 2.5mg and 5mg formulations.The 5mg is for children under 2 years of age and should be taken with food.
Indications: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is indicated in the following infections: C. difficile (intra-abdominal or intra-abdominal) infections; E. coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) complicated by infection of the urinary tract or respiratory system; P. mirabilis (a pathogen of the skin, mucosa, bone, lung, bone and joints); P. aeruginosa (a bacterial pathogen).
Indications for Use: Ciprofloxacin is indicated in the following infections: Urinary tract infections; Respiratory tract infections; Acute otitis media (a bacterial infection).
Warnings: Patients with a history of or known hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin, any other quinolones, or other fluoroquinolone antibiotics should not use this drug.
Ciprofloxacin should not be used in patients with a history of or known sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, any other fluoroquinolone antibiotics, or any other quinolones. Use with caution in patients with a history of renal, hepatic or renal dysfunction. Patients with a history of serious hepatic disease, or those taking certain other drugs should not take this drug.
Patients with impaired liver or kidney function should not take ciprofloxacin.Patients with a history of severe hepatic impairment (including jaundice and severe hepatic failure) should not take ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is metabolized in the liver, and should not be given to patients with liver or kidney disease. Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in patients with a history of severe hepatic disease, jaundice, or renal dysfunction. Ciprofloxacin should not be given to patients with a history of renal, hepatic or renal dysfunction.
Powder for Injection, Ciprofloxacin may be given by IV infusion. Immediate-release oral suspension of ciprofloxacin is available. Dosage and route of administration are as follows: 1 mg per kg body weight every 12 hours; 2 mg per kg body weight every 8 hours; 3 mg per kg body weight every 6 hours; 4 mg per kg body weight every 4 hours; 5 mg per kg body weight every 2 hours. Do not give to children or adolescents less than 18 years of age.Patients should not take ciprofloxacin if they have or have had a hypersensitivity reaction to fluoroquinolones including other quinolones, cephalosporins, or other oral or IV quinolones.In case of hypersensitivity, use of ciprofloxacin may impair the renal and hepatic clearance of other drugs. If the patient has renal or hepatic impairment, or is taking other drugs that interfere with ciprofloxacin, contact the doctor or pharmacist immediately. If the patient has had a serious skin reaction, contact the doctor or pharmacist.
Patients with a history of serious renal or hepatic disease, or who are taking other drugs that interfere with ciprofloxacin, may be at greater risk for side effects caused by the drug. Contact the doctor or pharmacist if the patient has signs of renal or hepatic impairment and is at risk for signs and symptoms of hepatic dysfunction (e.g., increased blood pressure).
In the event of an overdose, seek immediate medical assistance.Symptoms include loss of consciousness, coma, and death.
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to Cipro, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in Cipro tablets, or any of the ingredients in the product you take.
do not take Cipro if you are taking or have recently taken rifampin (also known as a'tendonitis') or nitrates (commonly classed as glyburide). Nitrates are often found in some prescription antihistamines and can be a cause of a high white this medication in people with diabetes or high blood pressure.
do not take Cipro if you are taking medications that contain phenytoin (e.g., phenytoin-B, phenobarbital, phenytoin-C, and phenytoin-D) or potassium supplements.
if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant or planning to have baby hair growth then consult your doctor.
do not take Cipro if you are breastfeeding
this product contains other ingredients that may causeTell your doctor or pharmacist if you are advised by your doctor or if you have been taking or have been taking other medicines (e.g, diuretics, hormone replacement therapy, other medicines) before taking Cipro.
do not take Cipro if you are taking any of the following medicines:
Serious side effects
Cipro may also cause a serious side effect called 'ergic reactions'. Some of the most common adverse reactions are:
1. erythema a your doctor might change your vision because it causes a white to red rash or swelling of the eyelid. 2. erythema a your doctor might change the appearance of your eyes because it causes a purple/red halo around the eyes. 3. erythema a your doctor might change the amount of your blood in your blood cells. 4. erythema a your doctor might increase the frequency of your colds or the frequency of your cough, and also your fever. 5. erythema a your doctor might make you feel sleepy or dizzy because it might make the flu worse. 6. erythema a your doctor might make you more sensitive to the sun because it could make it less likely for you to get a sunburn. 7. 8. erythema a your doctor might make you feel sleepy or dizzy because it could make you less alert or alert, and also make you feel sick (tired). 9. erythema a your doctor might make you more sensitive to the sun because it could make you feel more tired. 10. erythema a your doctor might make you sleepy or dizzy because it could make you less alert or alert.
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic, commonly used to treat infections caused by susceptible gram-negative organisms. It is also commonly used for treatingEscherichia coli(E. Coli),Salmonellaspp.,Shigellaspp., andPasteurellaspp.,
Ciprofloxacin has been found to be effective against various gram-negative bacteria, includingandS. aureus. It has also been used to treat a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other infections, among others.Ciprofloxacin has also been used for treating certain types of infections that are often resistant to other antibiotics.In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and determined its tissue accumulation in rat model. Ciprofloxacin and its pharmacokinetic profile were also determined in the presence of ciprofloxacin in the rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin and its pharmacokinetic results were used to evaluate the effect of the two drugs on the development of bacterial pathogenesis.
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